List of Figures

1.1 The props-based interface for neurosurgical visualization.

1.2 Historical plateaus in quality and facility of user interaction.

2.1 Examples of "3D Widgets" (taken from [43] and [77]).

2.2 Cursor movement zones for the triad mouse technique [125].

2.3 SKETCH uses heuristics to infer 3D placement [186].

2.4 Glove used by Zimmerman [189].

2.5 Polyshop employs two-handed interaction with chord gloves [1].

2.6 Using a boom display and glove with the Virtual Wind Tunnel [25].

2.7 Example VIDEODESK applications using two hands [104].

2.8 Schmandt's stereoscopic workspace [142].

2.9 JDCAD configuration and cone selection technique [111].

2.10 The ring menu technique for 3D menu selection [111].

2.11 The 3Draw computer-aided design tool [141].

2.12 The Worlds-In-Miniature (WIM) metaphor [164].

2.13 The Virtual Workbench [138].

2.14 The ImmersaDesk [49].

2.15 Guiard's handwriting experiment [67].

2.16 Configuration for Buxton and Myers experiments [27].

2.17 Second experimental task used by Kabbash [95].

2.18 Experimental task and apparatus used by Leganchuk [108].

3.1 The canonical sagittal, coronal, and axial orthogonal planes.

3.2 Example MR, angiography, and CT images.

3.3 User selecting a cutting-plane with the props.

3.4 User indicating a cross-section.

3.5 User positioning the cutting-plane prop along an oblique plane.

3.6 User selecting a trajectory.

3.7 Task hierarchy for selecting a cut relative to a specific view.

3.8 State diagram for unimanual subtasks.

3.9 Comparison of perspective and map views of the cross-section data.

3.10 Texture mapping shows a slice in the context of the 3D brain model.

3.11 The disappearing object problem and wireframe solution

3.12 User employing the touchscreen in combination with the props.

3.13 Touchscreen graphical user interface for use with the 3D props.

3.14 Close-up of touchscreen control panel.

3.15 Volume rendering showing the brain and skin surface.

3.16 Touchscreen interface for selecting patient images from a database.

5.1 Example Latin Square for two experimental conditions.

6.1 Screen snapshot of the experiment software.

6.2 The 3D Ball input device.

6.3 The Tracker 3D input device.

6.4 Mean times (top) and accuracies (bottom)

6.5 Interface comparisons for completion time.

6.6 Significant between-subjects factors and interactions.

6.7 Means for each interface technique by sex.

6.8 Significant accuracy device comparisons for females only.

6.9 Means obtained for the first interface tried.

6.10 Significant effects for between-subjects analysis of accuracy.

6.11 Histogram of subjective ranks for each interface.

6.12 Pie chart showing distribution of votes for the favorite technique.

6.13 Statistical comparison of subjective ranks.

7.1 Questionnaire for the "filling out a form" task.

7.2 Writing posture of left-handed inverters and non-inverters [6].

7.3 Examples of circles drawn versus individual pen strokes.

7.4 An example two-handed application [59] using the Active Desk.

7.5 A subject performing the experimental task.

7.6 Configuration for Experiment 2.

7.7 Dimensions of the plate tool, the stylus tool, and target areas.

7.8 Dimensions of the Cube, Triangle, and Puck target objects.

7.9 Sample screen showing experimental stimuli.

7.10 Summary of mean completion times and error rates.

7.11 Significance levels for Main effects and Interaction effects.

7.12 The Task X Grip interaction.

7.13 Tool X Task interaction.

7.14 Significance levels for comparisons of experimental conditions.

7.15 The Task X Grip X Tool interaction.

7.16 Overall sex difference effects.

7.17 Results of separate analyses for males and females.

8.1 Stimuli for the primary task.

8.2 The memory test.

8.3 Overall means obtained in each experimental condition.

8.4 Significance levels for main effects.

8.5 Means grouped by order of experimental conditions.

8.6 Tests for bias in remembered hand position.

8.7 Means of signed distance errors.